Ageing has long been recognized as an independent risk factor for the development of
cardiovascular diseases, contributing to high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Age-
associated remodelling of the vascular wall includes luminal enlargement, intimal and
medial thickening and vascular stiffness. 2. A growing body of evidence has indicated that
the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) play a pivotal role in
the pathophysiological vascular ageing process. Both experimental and clinical evidence …